Tagalog biography of mahatma gandhi

English physician

Sir Archibald Edward GarrodKCMG FRS^[1] (25 November – 28 March ) was an Englishphysician who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism. He also discovered alkaptonuria, understanding its inheritance. He served as Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford from to ^[2]

Education and personal life

Archibald was the fourth son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod, a renowned physician who received his medical degree at the age of 23 and became a professor of medicine at University College, London by the time he was He discovered the abnormal uric acid metabolism associated with gout.^[2] Garrod's father also successfully estimated the weight of crystals he obtained from a known quantity of blood, resulting in what Garrod called “the first quantitative biochemical investigation made on the living human body”.^[3] Garrod's eldest brother Alfred Henry Garrod was a successful ornithologist that named a number of bird taxa and studied specimens from the Challenger Expedition; Herbert Baring Garrod, his other elder brother also had a successful career, both as a barrister-at-law and as a scholar, writing "Dante, Goethe's Faust, and Other Lectures".^{[citation needed]}

Charles Keene, a cousin, frequently visited Garrod's childhood home.

Archibald garrod biography of mahatma gandhi in english

In January , before three pistol shots put an end to his life, Gandhi had been on the political stage for more than fifty years. He had inspired two generations of India, patriots, shaken an empire and sparked off a revolution which was to change the face of Africa and Asia. To millions of his own people, he was the Mahatma- the great soul- whose sacred glimpse was a reward in itself. By the end of he had lived down much of the suspicion, ridicule and opposition which he had to face, when he first raised the banner of revolt against racial exclusiveness and imperial domination. His ideas, once dismissed as quaint and utopian ,had begun to strike answering chords in some of the finest minds in the world.

Keene was an illustrator for the magazine Punch for over 40 years. Influenced by Keene, Garrod wrote an illustrated booklet called A Handbook of Classical Architecture. According to Krishna Dronamraju, Garrod displayed an interest in natural history from an early age and was particularly interested in butterflies.

At the age of 12, he began collecting them and noted how few female butterflies were present, musing over possible inheritance patterns in mammals.^[4]

He was educated at Marlborough College and Christ Church, University of Oxford. He performed poorly at Marlborough, struggling due to his lack of interest in classics, especially Latin prose and grammar.

He graduated with a First-class Honours (or a "First") degree in natural science in ^[4]

In , he received further medical training at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, where he obtained several scholarships including the competitive Brackenbury Scholarship. Garrod graduated in and then spent a year studying in Vienna at the general hospital, known as the Allgemeines Krankenhaus.

His experiences in Vienna formed the basis for his work, An Introduction to the Use of the Laryngoscope, which was very well received. In he obtained his Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Arts from Oxford, and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians, London.^[4]

He married Laura Elizabeth Smith in They had three sons and a daughter, Dorothy Garrod, an archaeologist who was the first woman to hold an Oxbridge chair, partly through her pioneering work on the Palaeolithic period.^[5]

First World War

During the First World War, Garrod served as medical consultant to the army, primarily in Malta and in was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in recognition of his wartime services.^[2]

Two of his three sons were killed in action during the war: Thomas Martin Garrod aged 20 in ^[6] and Alfred Noel Garrod aged 28 in ^[7]

In , his third son, Basil Rahere Garrod died, aged 21, in Cologne^[8] during the Spanish flu pandemic.

Professional career

Over the next 20 years he served on the attending staff of several hospitals in London: Marylebone General Dispensary, West London Hospital, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, and Alexandra Hospital for Children with hip dysplasia.

In , he was appointed assistant physician at the Great Ormand Street Hospital.

Dronamraju writes, “He was interested in studies of normal and pathological urine, especially in differences of their coloration. It is of interest that his interest in butterflies and flowers in childhood was also related to color differences and biological variation, and it may well have helped to sharpen his perception in this regard.”^[4]

Garrod was a proponent of scientific research as the foundation of medical practice, and published on a variety of diseases and topics throughout his career, including An Introduction to the Use of the Laryngoscope () and A Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatoid Arthritis ().

He helped found the Quarterly Journal of Medicine to provide a forum for more fundamental research into the processes of disease.

He helped edit a pediatrics textbook, Diseases of Children (), with Frederick Batten and James Hugh Thursfield.^[9]

Alkaptonuria and inborn errors of metabolism

Garrod is best known for his scientific study of inborn errors of metabolism.

He developed an increasing interest in chemical pathology, and investigated urine chemistry as a reflection of systemic metabolism and disease.

Biography of mahatma gandhi hindi: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[c] (2 October – 30 January ) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. He inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

This research, combined with the new understanding of Mendelian inheritance, evolved from an investigation of a few families with an obscure and not very dangerous disease (alkaptonuria) to the realization that a whole territory of mysterious diseases might be understood as inherited disorders of metabolism.

In the s he collaborated with Frederick Gowland Hopkins, a well-known and respected London physician and biochemist who studied the concept of how vitamins, then known as “accessory factors”, effect dietary health of patients.

Under Hopkins's influence and led by his own childhood fascination with color variations, he took particular notice of how the color of urine changed.^[10]

In , a mother arrived at the Great Ormand Street Hospital with an infant and a diaper stained brownish-black. Dr. Garrod recorded the family history of the baby and kept tabs on the newborn's growth over the years.

He quickly began seeking other patients with the same disorder and found forty cases and read up on the disorder, the first instance of which was noted in ^[10]

In , the same mother became pregnant. Once the baby was born, Garrod had nurses closely inspecting the baby's diaper. Sure enough, they noted the appearance of the black urine 52 hours after the baby was born.

Garrod subsequently deduced that the condition, alkaptonuria, was innate. Looking at his records, Garrod noticed that alkaptonuria was more likely to occur in the children of first cousins.^[10]

Working with William Bateson, Garrod came to understand the pattern of alkaptonuria appearance in children based on Mendelian principles.

Clear

Mahatma Gandhi - Wikipedia

Mohandas Gandhi ‑ Biography, Facts & Beliefs - HISTORY

Mohandas Gandhi ‑ Biography, Facts & Beliefs - HISTORY

Details

Once he applied Mendel's concepts to alkaptonuria, he published a paper in called “The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: A Study of Chemical Individuality”. In the paper, Garrod explains how he came to understand the condition and speculates as to its causes. He cites various case studies and compares alkaptonuria to albinism in how it's inherited.^[10]

In his paper, Garrod focuses on the concept of “chemical individuality” without any prior knowledge of what would come to be known as genes.

He writes, “Owing, as I believe, to their chemical individuality different human beings differ widely in their liability to individual maladies, and to some extent in the signs and symptoms which they exhibit”.^[11]

Alkaptonuria is a rare familial disease of organic acid metabolism that is best known for the darkening of urine from yellow to brown to black after it is exposed to the air.

In later life, individuals with this disease develop arthritis characterized by deposition of brown pigment in jointcartilage and connective tissue. Garrod studied the recurrence patterns in several families, realized it followed an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, and postulated that it was caused by a mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme involved in the metabolism of a class of compounds called alkapton.

Biography of mahatma gandhi death Mahatma Gandhi was a prominent leader of India's non-violent struggle against British rule, advocating for civil rights and justice. His legacy continues to inspire movements for peace worldwide. Mahatma Gandhi, born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi on October 2, , in Porbandar, India, was a pivotal leader in the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule. He became renowned for his philosophy of non-violent resistance, which he termed "Satyagraha," advocating for social justice and civil rights while promoting peace and harmony. Gandhi's early experiences in South Africa shaped his understanding of discrimination, leading him to confront color prejudice and fight for the rights of Indian immigrants.

He published The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: a Study in Chemical Individuality in

Over the next decade he developed an understanding of the possible nature of inherited diseases of metabolism. He described the nature of recessive inheritance of most enzyme defects. In , the core of this work was presented as the Croonian Lectures to the Royal College of Physicians, entitled Inborn Errors of Metabolism and published the following year.

Garrod expanded his metabolic studies to cover cystinuria, pentosuria, and albinism. These three inborn errors, along with alkaptonuria are collectively called Garrod's tetrad. In he summarized these studies in an expanded edition of his best known work.

Honours

As it became clearer that he had pioneered a new field of medicine, Garrod was increasingly honored in England and abroad.

He succeeded William Osler as Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in ,^[1] was appointed to the Medical Research Council, and was made an honorary member of the American Association of Physicians, and of the Ärztlicher Verein in Munich. He received honorary degrees from the universities of Aberdeen, Dublin, Glasgow, Malta, and Padua.

Archibald garrod biography of mahatma gandhi After Partition in , he continued to work toward peace between Hindus and Muslims. Gandhi was shot to death in Delhi in January by a Hindu fundamentalist. His father was the dewan chief minister of Porbandar; his deeply religious mother was a devoted practitioner of Vaishnavism worship of the Hindu god Vishnu , influenced by Jainism, an ascetic religion governed by tenets of self-discipline and nonviolence. Upon returning to India in mid, he set up a law practice in Bombay, but met with little success. He soon accepted a position with an Indian firm that sent him to its office in South Africa.

In he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

The Canadian Association of Centres for the Management of Hereditary Metabolic Diseases is commonly referred to as the Garrod Association to honor his contributions to the field of inborn errors of metabolism.

Death

He died at the Cambridge home of his daughter after a brief illness in

Publications

• The Nebulae: A Fragment of Astronomical History (Oxford, )
• An Introduction to the Use of the Laryngoscope ()
• A Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatoid Arthritis ()
• A Handbook of Medical Pathology, for the Use of Students in the Museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital (), with Sir W.P.

  Herringham & W.J. Gow

• A Treatise on Cholelithiasis, Bernhard Naunyn, translated by Garrod (London, )
• Clinical Diagnosis, Rudolf Von Jaksch, edited by Garrod (London, 5th ed., )
• Inborn Errors of metabolism (), second edition
• Diseases of Children (), with F.E. Batten & Hugh Thursfield
• The Inborn Factors of Disease ()

Quotation

scientific method is not the same as the scientific spirit.

The scientific spirit does not rest content with applying that which is already known, but is a restless spirit, ever pressing forward towards the regions of the unknown, it acts as a check, as well as a stimulus, sifting the value of the evidence, and rejecting that which is worthless, and restraining too eager flights of the imagination and too hasty conclusions.^[12]

—&#;Archibald Garrod, Archibald Garrod, "The Scientific Spirit in Medicine: Inaugural Sessional Address to the Abernethian Society", St.

Bartholomew's Hospital Journal, 20, 19 ()

References

Bibliography