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Soomro

Sindhi tribe in India and Pakistan

This article is about the tribe. For the dynasty established by the tribe, see Soomra dynasty. For other uses, see Soomro (disambiguation).

Soomro (Sindhi: سومرو&#;, Devanagari: सूमरो), Soomra,Sumrah or Sumra is a tribe having a local origin in Sindh.

They are found in Sindh, parts of Punjab especially bordering Sindh, Balochistan province, and the Kutch district of the Indian state of Gujarat and also Rajasthan.[2][3][5] The Soomras ruled throughout the Sindh and Multan regions.[6]

The Soomro tribe established the Soomra dynasty in CE, which re-established native Sindhi rule over Sindh since the Arab conquests.[2] Many members of the Soomro caste were one of the first in Sindh to convert to Islam from Hinduism but initially continued to maintain several Hindu customs and traditions.[3][2]

Origins

Many authors have presented conflicting accounts of Soomro's origins.

Michel Boivin adds that:

The Sūmras are believed to be SodhaRajputs who embraced Islam through Ismāʿilī influence. After conversion, they adopted the name Sūmra.[7]

Maulai Shedai, a local researcher, believes Soomra are ParmarRajputs.[2][3] But Ahmad Hasan Dani claims "of this there is no definite proof" and adds that it is almost certain the tribe has local origins as the kings bore local names.[8] M.

H. Panhwar, a Sindhologist, also rejects a Rajput origin and attributes its to James Todd but still accepts native origin.[9] Some writers have detailed about a subdivision in Jats with the name "Sumra".[10][11] But Historian André Wink has mentioned that the Soomras were not Jats.[12]

He has also explained that Soomras who were of local Sindhi origin and had been semi-independent rulers after the death of Mahmud of Ghazni were different to pastoral-nomadic Jats or Meds.

As per him, rise of Soomras was one of the factor in movement of the Jats of lower Sindh towards north.[13] Ghulam Hussain and others argue that the Soomros and other native tribes indigenous to Sindh slowly began to 'Ashrafize' themselves by remaking their genealogies to further associate themselves with Syeds whom they possibly intermarried and acquired power through.[14][3]

According to Tarikh Waqa`i Rajisthan, Soomras were ParmarRajputs.[3][15]

Pre-eminent Sindhi scholar Nabi Baksh Baloch tried to reconcile all different conflicting accounts of Soomra origin.

He considered Soomras, a hybrid race that was mix of Sindhi-Arab blood, emerged after the Umayyad caliphSulayman ibn Abd al-Malik’s decree asking Arab officers posted in Sindh to settle in the land permanently. Consequently they took Sindhi wives and subsequently married their daughters in Sindhi families.[3] Hence, Dr.

Baloch writes that:

Soomras were descendents of these hybrid princes, whose ancestors, according to common legend, were either Arabs or their grand-sons on the mothers’ side.[3][16]

Clans

Āsoo, Āripotra, Amrani, Alyasani, Buja (Baja), Bāghul, Babrani, Bhayani, Bhein, Bheinan, Bheiyani, Bākhri, Bhākhri, Bhāra, Bharpotra, Bhutani/Bhootani, Chhora, Chhutta, Chatta, Chattani, Chhatani, Chhodawar, Chāki, Dodai, Dodani, Dodepotra, Dhakkar, Dhukar, Dāsra, Dāgha/Dāga, Donar, Danoor, Detha, Dhakan, Dakan, Dakhan, Dowar, Farās, Galahi/Gulahi, Gan, Gāgnani, Gurchani, Gārhepotra, Hamir, Hamirani, Hamad, Halepotro, Holiani/Holani, Hassanpotra, Hamopotro/Hamupotro, Heesani, Heesbani, Hayatani, Hasnani, Issani, Inayatani, Jafrani, Jumrani, Jamrani, Jamarani, Jassani, Junsani, Jonsani, Jothia, Jiya, Jiyepotra, Jakhri, Jakhrepotra, Junejani, Kākar, Kachelo, Karmati, Kalhia/Kolhia, Kandipotra, Khafif, Khafipotra, Kula, Khebta, Khunbhati, Khenera, Khairani, Kala, Khato, Kukusaba, Kokri/Kaksia, Khuhawar, Lākhoria, Landar, Ladha, Luhār, Mundra, Matu, Muja, Matupotra, Marzani, Muhammadpotro, Markan, Markanda, Markhand, Mastani, Mutkani/Matkani, Mirnani, Mirani, Mirzani, Matoi, Mahumia, Motipotra, Mundarpotra, Nurungpotra, Nurungzada, Niroti, Nangarpotra, Porgar, Panjani, Qiyasani, Ratar, Rukan, Raknani, Rainani, Rehanpotra, Rawa/Rawani, Rabu/Rabo, Rangrez, Sākroi, Sāmtio, Samathia, Sābra, Shaikhjapotra, Sākhpotra/Eshaqpotra, Supiya, Sānund, Shaja, Sathia, Sakriani/Sākriani, Sathian, Sāthani, Samisa, Sapiya, Saidha, Sājnani, Sanhiyan, Sanwand, Tāi, Tāipotra, Usta/Osta, Umarpotra, Umarani, Wāhara, Wardali.[17]

References

  1. ^Boivin, Michel (16 September ).

    Rimsha soomro biography of mahatma His approach to non-violent protest and civil disobedience became a beacon for peaceful movements worldwide. Gandhi was born on October 2, , in Porbandar, a coastal town in western India. He was the youngest child of Karamchand Gandhi, the dewan chief minister of Porbandar, and his fourth wife, Putlibai. Coming from a Hindu family , young Gandhi was deeply influenced by the stories of the Hindu god Vishnu and the values of truthfulness, non-violence, and self-discipline. His mother, a devout Hindu, played a crucial role in shaping his character, instilling in him the principles of fasting, vegetarianism, and mutual tolerance among people of different religions.

    "Indigenous People of Sindh". Brill's Encyclopedia of the Religions of the Indigenous People of South Asia Online. Brill.

  2. ^ abcde"The Arab Conquest".

    Biography of mahatma gandhi Through his writings, speeches, and historical accounts of his actions, Mahatma Gandhi inspired countless individuals to re-examine their lives and embrace the path of non-violence, justice, and social change. He was also considered as the father of the country. Mahatma Gandhi is internationally respected for his philosophy of nonviolent protest satyagraha to gain political and social progress. His early life, education, birth date, death date, political contributions, Famous Quotes, Ideologies, essay and many more. He was born on 2 October , in Porbandar, a coastal town in Gujarat, India.

    International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. 36 (1):

  3. ^ abcdefghSiddiqui, Habibullah.

    "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) ( – AD)"(PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.

  4. ^Molai, Rahim Dad Khan. "Jannat Sindh - Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (History)".

    Mahatma Gandhi Biography - Facts, Life History, Role in India ...: Soomro (Sindhi: سومرو ‎, Devanagari: सूमरो), Soomra, Sumrah or Sumra is a tribe having a local origin in Sindh. They are found in Sindh, parts of Punjab especially bordering Sindh, Balochistan province, and the Kutch district of the Indian state of Gujarat and also Rajasthan.

    . Archived from the original on Retrieved

  5. ^Sen, Sailendra (). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  6. ^Wink, André (1 January ). "Garrison, Plain and March". Al-Hind, Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11thth Centuries.

    2.

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  10. Rimsha soomro biography of mahatma4

    11. Brill: – doi/_

  11. ^Boivin, Michel (16 September ). "Indigenous People of Sindh". Brill's Encyclopedia of the Religions of the Indigenous People of South Asia Online. Brill.
  12. ^Dani, Ahmad Hasan (). History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages. Sang-e Meel Publications. ISBN&#;.

  13. ^Panhwar, M.H.; Soomra National Council (Pakistan) ().

  15. See full list on history.com
  16. See full list on history.com

    17. An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh: AD. Soomra National Council, Pakistan. p.&#;26 (on pdf). Retrieved

  17. ^Khan, H.A.; Choonara, S. (). Re-Thinking Punjab: The Construction of Siraiki Identity. Research and Publication Centre (RPC), National College of Arts. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

    Rimsha soomro biography of mahatma gandhi After Partition in , he continued to work toward peace between Hindus and Muslims. Gandhi was shot to death in Delhi in January by a Hindu fundamentalist. His father was the dewan chief minister of Porbandar; his deeply religious mother was a devoted practitioner of Vaishnavism worship of the Hindu god Vishnu , influenced by Jainism, an ascetic religion governed by tenets of self-discipline and nonviolence. Upon returning to India in mid, he set up a law practice in Bombay, but met with little success. He soon accepted a position with an Indian firm that sent him to its office in South Africa.

    Retrieved

  18. ^Bhatia, S. (). Social Change and Politics in Punjab, . Enkay Publishers. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved
  19. ^Wink, André (). Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World. BRILL. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  20. ^Wink, André (). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Thth Centuries.

    BRILL. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

    Mohandas Gandhi ‑ Biography, Facts & Beliefs - HISTORY

    Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi or Mahatma Gandhi was a renowned freedom activist and an authoritative or powerful political leader who played an essential role in India's struggle for Independence against British rule of India. He was also considered the father of the country. No doubt, he also improved the lives of India's poor people. His birthday is celebrated every year as Gandhi Jayanti. His ideology of truth and non-violence influenced many and was also adopted by Martin Luther and Nelson Mandela for their struggle movement.

  21. ^Hussain, Ghulam (). "Dalits are in India, not in Pakistan: Exploring the Discursive Bases of the Denial of Dalitness under the Ashrafia Hegemony". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 55 (1). SAGE Publications: doi/ ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
  22. ^Molai, Rahim Dad Khan.

    "Jannat Sindh - Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (History)". . Archived from the original on Retrieved

  23. ^"Soomran Jo Daur - Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (History)". . Retrieved
  24. ^Khair Mohammad Buriro Sewhani (). ذاتين جي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا (in Sindhi).

    p.&#;