Jacques charles contribution
Jacques Charles
French inventor, scientist and mathematician (–)
Jacques Alexandre César Charles (12 November – 7 April ) was a Frenchinventor, scientist, mathematician, and balloonist.
Jacques alexandre cesar charles biography examples list
Charles wrote almost nothing about mathematics, and most of what has been credited to him was due to mistaking him with another Jacques Charles sometimes called Charles the Geometer [ 1 ] , also a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, entering on 12 May Charles and the Robert brothers launched the world's first hydrogen -filled gas balloon August 27, ; then December 1, , Charles and his co-pilot Nicolas-Louis Robert ascended to a height of about 1, feet m in a piloted gas balloon. Charles's law , describing how gases tend to expand when heated, was formulated by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in , but he credited it to unpublished work by Charles. Charles was born in Beaugency-sur-Loire in Reportedly the poet Alphonse de Lamartine also fell in love with her, and she was the inspiration for Elvire in his autobiographical Poetic Meditation "Le Lac" "The Lake" , which describes in retrospect the fervent love shared by a couple from the point of view of the bereaved man.Charles wrote almost nothing about mathematics, and most of what has been credited to him was due to mistaking him with another Jacques Charles (sometimes called Charles the Geometer[1]), also a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, entering on 12 May
Charles and the Robert brothers launched the world's first hydrogen-filled gas balloon August 27, ; then December 1, , Charles and his co-pilot Nicolas-Louis Robert ascended to a height of about 1, feet ( m) in a piloted gas balloon.
Their pioneering use of hydrogen for lift led to this type of gas balloon being named a Charlière (as opposed to the hot-airMontgolfière).
Charles's law, describing how gases tend to expand when heated, was formulated by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in , but he credited it to unpublished work by Charles.[2]
Charles was elected to the Académie des Sciences in and subsequently became professor of physics at the Académie de Sciences.[3]
Biography
Charles was born in Beaugency-sur-Loire in He married Julie Françoise Bouchaud des Hérettes (–), a creole woman 37 years younger than himself.
Reportedly the poet Alphonse de Lamartine also fell in love with her, and she was the inspiration for Elvire in his autobiographical Poetic Meditation "Le Lac" ("The Lake"), which describes in retrospect the fervent love shared by a couple from the point of view of the bereaved man.
Charles outlived her and died in Paris on 7 April
Hydrogen balloon flights
First hydrogen balloon
Charles conceived the idea that hydrogen would be a suitable lifting agent for balloons having studied the work of Robert Boyle's Boyle's Law which was published years earlier in , and of his contemporaries Henry Cavendish, Joseph Black and Tiberius Cavallo.[4] He designed the craft and then worked in conjunction with the Robert brothers, Anne-Jean and Nicolas-Louis, to build it in their workshop at the Place des Victoires in Paris.[5] The brothers invented the methodology for the lightweight, airtight gas bag by dissolving rubber in a solution of turpentine and varnished the sheets of silk that were stitched together to make the main envelope.
They used alternate strips of red and white silk, but the discolouration of the varnishing/rubberising process left a red and yellow result.[4]
Charles and the Robert brothers launched[6] the world's first hydrogen filled balloon on 27 August , from the Champ de Mars, (now the site of the Eiffel Tower) where Ben Franklin was among the crowd of onlookers.[7] The balloon was comparatively small, a 35 cubic metre sphere of rubberised silk,[4] and only capable of lifting about 9&#;kg (20&#;lb).[7] It was filled with hydrogen that had been made by pouring nearly a quarter of a tonne of sulphuric acid onto a half a tonne of scrap iron.[7] The hydrogen gas was fed into the balloon via lead pipes; but as it was not passed through cold water, great difficulty was experienced in filling the balloon completely (the gas was hot when produced, but as it cooled in the balloon, it contracted).
Daily progress bulletins were issued on the inflation; and the crowd was so great that on the 26th the balloon was moved secretly by night to the Champ de Mars, a distance of four kilometres.[8]
The balloon flew northwards for 45 minutes, pursued by chasers on horseback, and landed 21 kilometers away in the village of Gonesse where the reportedly terrified local peasants destroyed it with pitchforks[7] or knives.[5] The project was funded by a subscription organised by Barthelemy Faujas de Saint-Fond.[6]
First crewed hydrogen balloon flight
At ( PM) on 1 December , Charles and the Robert brothers launched a new crewed balloon from the Jardin des Tuileries in Paris.[4][7] Charles was accompanied by Nicolas-Louis Robert as co-pilot of the cubic-metre, hydrogen-filled balloon.[4][7] The envelope was fitted with a hydrogen release valve and was covered with a net from which the basket was suspended.
Sand ballast was used to control altitude.[4] They ascended to a height of about 1, feet ( m)[7] and landed at sunset in Nesles-la-Vallée after a 2-hour, 5-minute flight covering 36&#;km.[4][5][7] The chasers on horseback, who were led by the Duc de Chartres, held down the craft while both Charles and Nicolas-Louis alighted.[5]
Charles then decided to ascend again, but alone this time because the balloon had lost some of its hydrogen.
This time it ascended rapidly to an altitude of about 3, metres,[5][9] where he saw the sun again.
Amedeo avogadro He was also a physicist and mathematician and is perhaps better known in this capacity as the person who developed Charles's law, which relates gas temperatures and pressures. In both roles, he made important scientific and technical contributions that have had lasting effects on both science and society. Charles was born in in Beaugency, France. Very little is known about his childhood, but he began his professional life as a clerk in the French finance ministry. From there he turned increasingly to science, experimenting with electricity at first.He began suffering from aching pain in his ears so he "valved" to release gas, and descended to land gently about 3&#;km away at Tour du Lay&#;[fr].[5] Unlike the Robert brothers, Charles never flew again,[5] although a hydrogen balloon came to be called a Charlière in his honour.
It is reported that , spectators witnessed the launch, and that hundreds had paid one crown each to help finance the construction and receive access to a "special enclosure" for a "close-up view" of the take-off.[5] Among the "special enclosure" crowd was Benjamin Franklin, the diplomatic representative of the United States of America.[5] Also present was Joseph Montgolfier, whom Charles honoured by asking him to release the small, bright green, pilot balloon to assess the wind and weather conditions.[5]
This event took place ten days after the world's first crewed balloon flight by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier using a Montgolfier brothershot air balloon.
Simon Schama wrote in Citizens:
Montgolfier's principal scientific collaborator was M. Charles,&#; who had been the first to propose the gas produced by vitriol instead of the burning, dampened straw and wood that he had used in earlier flights. Charles himself was also eager to ascend but had run into a firm veto from the King, who from the earliest reports had been observing the progress of the flights with keen attentiveness.
Jacques alexandre cesar charles biography examples wikipedia: Jacques Charles (born November 12, , Beaugency, France—died April 7, , Paris) was a French mathematician, physicist, and inventor who, with Nicolas Robert, was the first to ascend in a hydrogen balloon (). About he developed Charles’s law concerning the thermal expansion of gases.Anxious about the perils of a maiden flight, the King had then proposed that two criminals be sent up in a basket, at which Charles and his colleagues became indignant.[10]
Further ballooning activities
The next project of Charles and the Robert brothers was to build an elongated, steerable craft that followed Jean Baptiste Meusnier's proposals (–85) for a dirigible balloon.
The design incorporated Meusnier's internal ballonnet (air cells), a rudder and a method of propulsion.[11]
Charles chose never to fly in this craft, but on 15 July , the brothers flew for 45 minutes from Saint-Cloud to Meudon with M. Collin-Hullin and Louis Philippe II, the Duke of Chartres in La Caroline. It was fitted with oars for propulsion and direction, but they proved useless.
The absence of a 'gas release valve' meant that the duke had to slash the 'ballonnet' to prevent rupture when they reached an altitude of circa 4, metres (14,&#;ft).[4][12]
On 19 September , the Robert brothers and M. Collin-Hullin flew for 6 hours 40 minutes, covering &#;km from Paris to Beuvry near Béthune.
This was the first flight over &#;km.[4][12]
Inventions
Charles developed several useful inventions, including a valve to let hydrogen out of the balloon and other devices, such as the hydrometer and reflecting goniometer, and improved the Gravesandheliostat and Fahrenheit's aerometer.[citation needed] In addition he confirmed Benjamin Franklin's electrical experiments.[13]
Charles's law
Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes), describing how gases tend to expand when heated, was first published by natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in ,[2] but he credited it to unpublished work by Charles, and named the law in his honour.
Around Charles did an experiment where he filled five balloons to the same volume with different gases.
He then raised the temperature of the balloons to 80&#;°C (not at constant temperature) and noticed that they all increased in volume by the same amount. This experiment was referenced by Gay-Lussac in when he published a paper on the precise relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas. Charles's law states that under constant pressure, an ideal gas' volume is proportional to its absolute temperature.
The volume of a gas at constant pressure increases linearly with the absolute temperature of the gas.
Jacques alexandre cesar charles biography examples for kids Jacques charles was a French physicist, chemist, mathematician, inventor, aeronaut, and academic recognized for the invention of the hydrogen gas-powered hot air balloon, in collaboration with the Robert brothers. This artifact allowed him to cross the French sky in the first flight manned by a human more than a kilometer high, surpassing the model proposed by the Montgolfiers years before in distance traveled, height and time that he stayed in the air. His scientific relationship with the Robert brothers was very prolific, allowing Charles to design and develop some major parts and elements of the hot air balloon, as it is known in the modern era. Very little information is handled about his family and environment. What is known is that his education was rather free with very little approach to science, although he had access to the study of basic mathematics and some simple experiments.The formula he created was V1/T1&#;= V2/T2.[2]
Career
Charles was elected to the American Philosophical Society in [14] and to the Académie des Sciences, in He subsequently became a professor of physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers.
Commemoration
A stele at Nesles-la-Vallée marks the Charles-Robert flight of the 1st of December, 49°08′19″N2°10′16″E / °N °E / ; [15]
The Coupe Charles et Robert was an international ballooning event that was run in in parallel with the Gordon Bennett Cup.[16]
See also
References
- ^J.
B. Gough, Charles the Obscure, Isis 70, #, pgs –
- ^ abcGay-Lussac, J. L. (), "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs", Annales de Chimie, XLIII: . English translation (extract).
- ^Gough, J.B. (December ). "Charles The Obscure".
Isis.
Jacques alexandre cesar charles biography examples Charles was born on November 12, , in Beaugency, Loiret, France ; his first occupation was as a clerk at the Ministry of Finance in Paris. However, his interests eventually turned to science. In the late s ballooning became a major preoccupation of France and other industrialized nations. In early June the Montgolfier brothers launched the first successful hot-air balloon in Paris. Charles, who was interested in aeronautics, understood the concept of buoyancy and also was aware of Henry Cavendish 's discovery of hydrogen, an element some fourteen times lighter than air, seventeen years earlier.70 (4): – doi/ JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
- ^ abcdefghiFederation Aeronautique Internationale, Ballooning Commission, Hall of Fame, Robert Brothers.
- ^ abcdefghijFiddlers Green, History of Ballooning, Jacques Charles
- ^ abScience and Society, Medal commemorating Charles and Robert’s balloon ascent, Paris,
- ^ abcdefghEccentric France: Bradt Guide to mad, magical and marvellous France By Piers Letcher – Jacques Charles
- ^Today in Science, The Montgolfier and Charles Balloons, from Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^Encyclopædia Britannica – Balloon Flight
- ^S.
Schama (), Citizens, p.
- ^Biographical dictionary of the history of technology, Volume 39 By Lance Day, Ian McNeil. Charles, Jacques Alexandre Cesar
- ^ abFederal Aviation Administration – on News, October , Balloon Competitions and Events Around the Globe, Page 15
- ^Chisholm
- ^"APS Member History".
. Retrieved 6 April
- ^Image of commemorative stele
- ^Coupe Aeronautique Gordon Bennett, More than years.